surface active agent
其分子中一起具有亲水的极性基团与亲油的非极性基团,当它的参加量很少时,即能大大下降溶剂(一般是水)的表面张力以及液界面张力,而且具有光滑、增溶、乳化、分散和洗刷等作用。
surface active agent 有多种分类方法。遍及根据它在溶剂中的电离状况及亲水基团的离子类型分类。最常用的有阴离子surface active agent 、阳离子surface active agent 、两性surface active agent 及非离子surface active agent 等。前三类为离子型surface active agent 。
surface active agent 在家庭生活及工业生产的清洁中,有广泛的用处。
酸-碱清洁剂
借助于和尘垢发作酸碱反响(有时也伴有氧化-复原等反响),使尘垢转变为可溶解或分散于清洁液的清洁剂,多为有机酸、无机酸、碱及水解后呈酸性或碱性的盐。
大多数酸—碱清洁剂都是由酸、碱的水溶液加必要的助剂构成的。另一类在高温条件下以熔融状况和尘垢作用的酸或碱,使本来不溶解或难溶解于清洁介质中的尘垢,转化为易溶解的化合物,这类酸与碱一般称为熔融剂。这种清洁剂关于用溶剂或溶液难以铲除的尘垢时,有杰出的作用。
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